CCMAS Course Search

Descriptive terms, plans and terms of relationship of the human body, terms of comparison, attachment of muscles, types of muscles, movements of joints. Osteology, principles of kinesiology, general organization of body system. Cutaneous innervation of the upper limb; pectoral region; breast; axilla; shoulder region; arm and cubital fossa; flexor compartment of forearm; extensor compartment of forearm; hand; venous and lymphatic drainage of the upper limb. Applied anatomy of nerves; blood supply of the upper limb. Cutaneous innervation of the lower limb; femoral triangle; adductor canal and medial side of the thigh; gluteal region; back of the thigh, popliteal fossa; extensor compartment of the leg and dorsum of the foot; peroneal and flexor compartment of the leg; sole of the foot, arches of the foot; mechanism of walking; venous and lymphatic drainage of the lower limb; applied anatomy of the nerves and blood supply to the lower limb.

Traditional and S.I units in Clinical Chemistry; Reference values: Gastric function tests; Agents for Gastric stimulation. Ward procedures and Laboratory Investigation of Gastric Secretions. Intestinal function tests; Digestion and absorption; Causes of Malabsorption. Laboratory investigation of malabsorption. Renal function tests; functions of the kidney; Measurement of Renal plasma flow, Glomerular filtration rate – Creatinine clearance, Insulin clearance, Concentration and Dilution Tests; Urinary Acidification Tests, urine specific gravity/Osmolarity Dye Excretion test. Water and Electrolyte metabolism. Acid base balance; Definition and causes of acidosis and alkalosis; Blood buffers. Transport of blood gases; assessment of acid/base status. Lipids; definition and types of lipids; Formation of free fatty acids, ketone bodies and Lactate; Measurement of plasma lipids and lipoproteins. Plasma proteins and physiologic functions; factors affecting synthesis and catabolism. Methods for the determining of total protein in serum. Carbohydrate metabolism: Blood glucose homeostasis; hyperglycaemia diabetes mellitus – its causes and investigation; Hypoglycaemia – types causes and investigation.

Origin, development and functions of blood cells. Synthesis and breakdown of haemoglobin. Methods of Haemoglobin estimation. Methods of cell counting. Absolute values. Introduction to Homeostasis. Principle and mode of action of common anticoagulants. Principle and components of Haematological stains. Simple tests used in blood coagulation. Blood films-normal and abnormal. Practical Classes.

Introduction to Histopathology. Fixation – Autolysis, bacterial decomposition. Effects of fixation, common fixing agents and their uses. Secondary fixation, post-fixation and post-chroming and post-mordanting. Fixation pigments, Decalcification – Aims and applications, decalcifying agents. Tests for clearing of decalcification. Dehydration, clearing and infiltration/embedding. Frozen and celloidin sections. Embedding media. Basic histology of organs. Principles and application of Exfoliate Cytology. Collection and fixation of specimens for cytological examination. Museum technique-colour restoration. Mounting in museum jars. Tissues and cellular injury inflammation. Healing and repairs. Gross appearance of diseased organs in routine post-mortem examination. Slide sections to illustrate common tumours.

The Historical background of Immunology. Classification of Immunity. Innate immunity. Development and structure of cells in the Immune System Cellular interaction the expression and regulation of immunity. Acquired Immunity.

Introduction to the parasites. Classification of protozoa, (the amoebas, the ciliates, the flagellates, Nematodes. (Ascaris, Strongloides, Trichuris, guineaworm, hookworms, Trichinella, Enterobius and many others). Life cycle and pathogenicity of Cestodes. (The tapeworms, Larval forms of cestodes). Life cycle and pathogenicity of the Trematodes (The Schistosome, Fasciola, Paragonimus, and many others). Methods of demonstration of parasites in blood, faeces, vagina, urine, urethra, pus from lung and liver, skin snips, and many others. Mechanisms of their disease production; Epidemiology and control of parasitic diseases.Arthropods of medical importance particularly members of the class Diptera, the crustaceans, Arachnida, Hexapoda, Myiasis and many others, their biology, life cycles and control. Life history as disease vectors; various diseases of importance transmissible by insects. Biology of mosquito in relation to transmission of malaria, filariasis, viral infections and many others.

Scope of microbiology: Historical approach and many others. Classification and nomenclature of microorganisms. Introduction to the microbial world; Introduction to Bacteriology, Mycology, Virology and Parasitology (the protozoan). Bacteriology: The general properties of bacteria, structure, growth, reproduction, requirements both environmental and nutritional. Aspects of Bacterial metabolism, bacterial genetics and variation. Sterilisation in Microbiology, bacteria in health and disease: Antibiotics and chemotherapy; infection and immunity; introduction to laboratory techniques and methods including serology. Viruses: General properties, structure and biology of viruses, classification – various methods, reproduction, resistance, pathology, purification of viruses, propagation of viruses, immunity and diagnosis of viral infection, interferon and interference, inclusion bodies, cytopathic effects. Viral- host interactions and identification. Fungi: Morphology, groups and classification. Types of lesion and types of mycoses, growth requirements. Characteristics and general features of fungi and their diseases. Identification, and demonstration in the laboratory.

Scope of Pharmacology. Origin and sources of drugs, routes of administration of drugs, drug receptors and receptor isolation. Pharmacokinetics, absorption of drugs excretion, biotransformation. Structure-activity relationship. Mode of action of drugs. Types of drug action. Drug action in man-compliance, individual variations, presence of other drugs, genetic effects, tolerance and tachyphylaxis, effects of diseases, drug toxicity adverse drug reactions, drug dependence and drug interactions. Antimicrobial Pharmacology chemotherapeutic agents, anti- metabolic base analogues, mitotic inhibitors, antibiotics, enzymes, alkylating agents and hormones. Radiation therapy, immune therapy and cancer therapy, synthesis and physiology of neurotransmitters Biochemical basis of depression. Marcotics-Mechanism of action. Fluorescent, radio and chromatographic methods in drug studies. Methods of evaluation of toxins mutagens and carcinogens. 400 Level

Workshop practice. Principles of use maintenance and repair of common apparatus and laboratory equipment. Principles of applied and general electronics. Circuit diagrams, Computer programming. Improvisation. Glass blowing and construction of simple laboratory equipment. Design techniques, improvement on existing equipment, review and modifications of laboratory methods.

Aims, characteristics and application of biostatistics in clinical and preventive medicine. Statistical data in bio-medical science-samples, population, variables, frequency distribution, vital and descriptive statistics, measurement of central tendencies-mean, median, mode, dispersion and presentation of data probability distribution, Hypothetical tests of statistical significance. Analysis of variance. Regression and correlation. Experimental designs and clinical trials. 300 Level