CCMAS Course Search

Descriptive terms, plans and terms of relationship of the human body, terms of comparison, attachment of muscles, types of muscles, movements of joints. Osteology, principles of kinesiology, general organisation of body system. Cutaneous innervation of the upper limb; pectoral region; breast; axilla; shoulder region; arm and cubital fossa; flexor compartment of forearm; extensor compartment of forearm; hand; venous and lymphatic drainage of the upper limb. Applied anatomy of nerves; blood supply of the upper limb. Cutaneous innervation of the lower limb; femoral triangle; adductor canal and medial side of the thigh; gluteal region; back of the thigh, popliteal fossa; extensor compartment of the leg and dorsum of the foot; peroneal and flexor compartment of the leg; sole of the foot, arches of the foot; mechanism of walking; venous and lymphatic drainage of the lower limb; applied anatomy of the nerves and blood supply to the lower limb.

Introduction - Theory of Chemical Neurotransmission Evidence for Acetylcholine as a Cholinergic neurotransmitter. Detection and Bioassay of acetylcholine. Cholinergic receptors, sites of action of acetylcholine at the Neuromuscular junction. Agonists and antagonists of cholinergic transmission. Parasympathomimetic and parasympatholytic drugs. Structure – Activity Relationships among the cholinergic and anticholinergic agents. Cholinesterases and anti- cholinesterases. Properties and uses of anti-cholinesterases (reversible and irreversible). Brief mention of cholinesterase reactivators (pralidoxime, obidoxime) and their uses. Neuromuscular transmission and drugs which enhance neuromuscular transmission. Neuromuscular Blockade. Smooth muscle relaxants. Ganglion stimulation and blockade and their properties.

Introduction: Chemical neurotransmitters – Evidence for Noradrenaline as an adrenergic neurotransmitter, Synthesis, storage, release, metabolism, and uptake of catecholamines. Detection and bioassay of Adrenaline and Nor-adrenaline. Adrenergic receptors – Types of adrenoceptors. Concept of agonists and antagonists. Sympathomimetic amines – Catecholamines, properties and uses. Sympatholytic drugs (Adrenergic Blockers) properties and uses. Structure – Activity Relationships among the sympathomimetic amines and beta-Adrenergic Blockers.

Variability in biological data: continuous and discontinuous variables. statistical sampling procedures. observations and problems of estimation. representation and summarisation of biological data. frequency distribution. measures of central tendency and dispersion. Probability theory. normal, binomial and Poisson distribution. t-test, f-test and chi-square test. analysis of variance (ANOVA) and covariance. principles of experimental design. correlation, linear and curvilinear regression and transformation.

Introduction: Cardiovascular system physiology. Pathophysiology and drugs used as Antihypertensives., Cardiac glycosides, antiarrhythmics and anti-Angina. Drug treatment of shock. Anti-Obesity and anti-lipidaemic drugs. Asthma and anti-asthmatic drugs. COPD, bronchitis and pneumonia. Cough and pharmacology of drugs used in the treatment of cough (Anti-tussives, expectorants and mucolytics). Practical: Demonstration experiments with drugs acting on the CVS (Finkleman and Isolated perfused rabbit heart (Lagendroff) preparation), cat blood pressure and Respiratory system (Tracheal Chain Preparation).

Introduction: Terms and definitions of pharmacodynamic terms (bacteriostatic, bactericidal, time- dependent and many others) used to describe the effects of antimicrobial therapythe mechanisms by which pathogens acquire and express resistance to antibiotics. Antibacterials/Antibiotics: The pharmacology of the following drugs: Sulphonamides. Beta-lactam antibiotics (penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactams). Tetracyclines. Chloramphenicol. Aminoglycosides. Miscellaneous antibiotics - macrolides, polymyxins, lincosamides, quinolones, metronidazole, bacitracin. Antifungal and antiviral agents. Drugs used in the treatment of Tuberculosis and Leprosy Antifungal agents. Antiviral agents; HIV/AIDS treatment. Vaccines design strategies and Sera.

Introduction: Molecular basis of cancer including cell-cycle kinetics, principles of cancer chemotherapy and mechanisms underlying drug/multidrug resistance in cancer chemotherapy. Alkylating Agents, Antimetabolites, Hormones. Other anti-neoplastic agents (Antibiotics, Plant alkaloids and Miscellaneous). Radioactive isotopes; Control of antineoplastic chemotherapy; Summary of the chemotherapy of malignant diseases. Emerging new treatment with antibodies.

Life cycle of malarial parasite. Life cycle of E. histolytica. Pharmacology of drugs used in the treatment of malaria, Amoebiasis, Trypanosomiasis, Leishmaniasis, Helminthiasis. Miscellaneous antimicrobial agents. Chemistry, mechanism of action, selection criteria and uses of disinfectants, antiseptics and sterilants.

Sound patterns in English Language (vowels and consonants, phonetics and phonology). English word classes (lexical and grammatical words, definitions, forms, functions, usages, collocations). Sentence in English (types: structural and functional, simple and complex). Grammar and Usage (tense, mood, modality and concord, aspects of language use in everyday life). Logical and Critical Thinking and Reasoning Methods (Logic and Syllogism, Inductive and Deductive Argument and Reasoning Methods, Analogy, Generalisation and Explanations). Ethical considerations, Copyright Rules and Infringements. Writing Activities: (Pre-writing, Writing, Post writing, Editing and Proofreading; Brainstorming, outlining, Paragraphing, Types of writing, Summary, Essays, Letter, Curriculum Vitae, Report writing, Note making and many others. Mechanics of writing). Comprehension Strategies: (Reading and types of Reading, Comprehension Skills, 3RsQ). Information and Communication Technology in modern Language Learning. Language skills for effective communication. Major word formation processes. Writing and reading comprehension strategies. Logical and critical reasoning for meaningful presentations. Art of public speaking and listening.

Introduction: Medicines and discovery processes. Initial stages: Target discovery; applications of molecular biology, in silico methods and assays; lead discovery; lead optimization; biomarkers. Measurement of drug properties: assay techniques; agonists (full, partial, inverse and biased); competitive antagonists. In vivo models; pharmacokinetic profiles of compounds; pharmacogenetics and formulations. Pre-clinical safety assessment including acute toxicity evaluation, subacute and chronic toxicity studies, reproductive toxicity, carcinogenicity studies, mutagenicity and mechanistic toxicity studies. Limitations of preclinical studies. Problems associated with drug discovery and development. Later stages: Pharmaceutical development; phases of clinical evaluation; ethics (informed consent, good clinical practice, participation criteria, sponsorship) and concepts in clinical trial design. Pharmacovigilance. e-Learning Activity Links are provided to additional resources (further reading, videos, on-line activities) to support the lecture content. Online self-assessment modules on the course content can be provided for formative feedback. Practical: Experiments are designed to reflect the topics covered including spectrophotometry, chromatography, flow cytometry.