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Tooth preparation. Impression making and moisture control. The temporary restoration. Preparation of working casts and dies. Casting and causes of casting failure. Cementation and post insertion management.

Chemistry and structure of the amino acids. Peptides, essential and non-essential amino acids.

Introduction to the metabolism of amino acid. Transamination, oxidative deamination, decarboxylation. The urea cycle and its biochemical importance’s. Inborn errors of metabolism of some amino acids, phenylketonuria, tyrosinosis, alkaptonuria, albinism, cystinuria.

Specimen collection, different types of samples, tubes, sample identification, separation of plasma or serum, collection and preservation of urine specimens. Determination of blood gases and blood PH. Determination of glucose. Glucose estimation in blood by the glucose oxidase method (a specific method), Glucose estimation in the same blood by the ferricyanide reduction method (a nonspecific method) and strip test for glucose in blood (semiquantitative method). Plotting of oral glucose tolerance test curves for a normal patient and a diabetic patient. Urinalysis. Determination of urine specific gravity osmolality and qualitative tests for protein, glucose and reducing substances, ketones, bilirubin, urobilinogen and blood. Haemoglobin and haemoglobin derivatives in urine. Spectroscopy of haemoglobin and its derivatives in blood. Non-invasive modern methods of monitoring hyperbilirubinemianaemia such as cutaneous bilirubinometry. Estimation of blood gases, including use of pulse oximeter. Occult blood in faeces. Different methods of protein estimation. Electrophoresis of plasma proteins, haemoglobins and isoenzymes demonstration. Column chromatography, paper and thin layer chromatography of sugars and amino acids in urine. Determination of serum enzymes. Radioimmunoassay of hormones in blood. Estimation of 17-oxosteroid in urine, biochemical analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Methods of vitamin analysis in blood. Estimation of immunoglobulins. Agglutination/Agglutination inhibition tests. Immunoelectrophoresis and gel Immunodiffusion technique. 223

Central nervous system, encephalitis, meningitis, tetanus. Respiratory tract, mumps, TB, pneumonia, pertussis. Gastrointestinal tract, gastroenteritis and food poisoning. Genitourinary system, sexually transmitted disease and urinary tract infection, P. I. D. Cardiovascular system, infective endocarditis, rheumatic heart disease. Skin, pyoderma, cellulitis and myiasis, leprosy. Musculoskeletal system, osteomyelitis, abscesses, wound infections and pyomyositis, conjunctivitis. General principles of antibiotic and chemotherapy, modes of bacterial resistances to antibiotics, viral vaccines, prophylactic immunization. Pyrexia of unknown origin (PUO). Bacteria/septicaemia (sepsis) Guillain – Barre Syndrome. Reye’s Syndrome. Health care associated infections. HIV/AIDS. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Tropical spastic paraparesis.

Management of oral habits. Orthodontic management of cleft patients. Orthodontic management of unerupted canine. Wisdom teeth and their role in orthodontics. Orthodontic management of adult/adolescent patients. Role of orthodontists in management of the orthognathic surgery patient. Deleterious effects of orthodontic treatment.

Review of autonomic nervous system anatomy, sympathetic (thoracolumbar) and parasympathetic (craniosacral) divisions. Review of neurohumoral transmission. Neurotransmitters of the ANS, cholinergic and adrenergic transmission–evidence for acetylcholine and noradrenaline, synthesis of the neurotransmitters. Parasympathetic system, cholinergic receptors, muscarinic and nicotinic stimulants, uses, pharmacodynamics, SAR, organ system effects. Indirectly acting cholinergic stimulants-anticholinesterases, chemistry and pharmacokinetics. Clinical pharmacology of cholinergic stimulants. Cholinergic receptor antagonists–muscarinic and nicotinic, chemistry, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of atropine and related drugs, organ system effects (CNS, eye, CVS, respiratory system, GIT, Genito–urinary tract and sweat glands), including their clinical pharmacology. Basic and clinical pharmacology of ganglion blockers. Somatic motor nerves. Neuromuscular junction transmission, effect of drugs, end–plate nicotinic receptor and neuromuscular blockers, types of blockers and their interaction with anti-cholinesterase, lack of Pseudo-cholinesterase and 212 anaesthesia. Sympathetic system, basic pharmacology of adrenergic receptor stimulants. Identification of adrenergic receptors, molecular mechanisms of adrenergic action, chemistry, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of sympathomimetic drugs. Organ system effects. CVS, blood vessels, heart, blood pressure, eye, respiratory tract, exocrine glands, metabolic effects on endocrine function (use of noradrenaline, adrenaline, isoprenaline dopamine, dobutamine, salbutamol, fenoterol, terbutaline, phenylephrine, ephedrine and amphetamine as examples). Direct and indirect acting sympathomimetics such as tyramine. Clinical pharmacology of adrenergic receptor acting drugs. Cardiovascular application, condition in which blood flow or blood pressure is to be enhanced, hypotension, shock, carcinogenic shock, condition in which the blood flow is to be reduced, hypertension, and cardiac applications, paroxysmal atrial tachycardia, complete heart block and cardiac arrest, congestive heart failure. Respiratory application, Bronchitis, bronchial asthma. Anaphylaxis, Ophthalmic, genitourinary, use of β2 antagonists (terbutaline, ritodrine, salbutamol) to suppress premature labour. CNS applications Toxicity of sympathomimetics. Adrenergic receptor blocking drugs - Alpha receptor blockers, types (reversible and irreversible), receptor–selective antagonists (phenoxybenzamine, phentolamine, yohimbine, prazosin, indoramin, idazoxan), pharmacological effects (cardiovascular and others), Beta-receptor blockers, types, B1- and B2-specificity (propranolol, metoprolol, timolol, atenolol, pindolol, labetalol), pharmacokinetics, (absorption, bioavailability, distribution and clearance), pharmacodynamics (CVS, respiratory tract, eyes, metabolic and endocrine effects), effects unrelated to beta receptor blockade. Clinical pharmacology of alpha- and beta-receptor blockers. Application of alpha-blockers, phaeochromocytoma, hypertensive emergencies and hypertensive chronic treatment, peripheral vascular disease and local vasoconstrictor excess. Application of beta-blockers, hypertension, ischaemic heart disease, cardiac arrhythmias, other cardiovascular disorders, glaucoma, hyperthyroidism, neurological disease (migraine headache, tremors, anxiety, alcohol withdrawal), choice of beta blockers, clinical toxicity. Autacoids, Histamine and its antagonists. Physiological and pathophysiological role of histamine, pharmacology of histamine receptors, mechanism of histamine release, H1-antagonists (ethanolamine, ethylenediamines, phenothiazines), H2-antagonists (burimamide, metiamide, cimetidine.), H3-antagonists (bronchioles, methylhistamine), basic pharmacology, chemistry, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, clinical pharmacology. 5HT and its antagonists. Methysergide. Cyproheptadine, cyclooxygenase inhibitors, vasoactive polypeptides, vasopressin, angiotensin, kinins, kallikrein, substance P, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, cyclic nucleotides and other mediators.

Gene cloning and the application of recombinant DNA technology in medicine. Application of immunotherapy. Molecular and cell biology. DNA, replication and transcription. RNA and relationship to DNA. Genetic code. Biosynthesis of protein and regulation of gene expression. Tools of genetic engineering (molecular biology). Hybridisation, molecular cloning, southern blotting and related techniques, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and its application to medicine. Molecular and biochemical basis of inheritance of common diseases, 205 haemoglobinopathies. Gene therapy. Biochemical aspects of cancer and cancer therapy. Personalized medicine.

Serum electrolyte determination. Urea determination. Creatinine determination. Serum bilirubin determination. Uric acid determination. Serum liver enzymes determination (ALT, AST and ALP).

Serum cholesterol determination. Lipoprotein determination.